Abstract
The LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) telescope measures radio emission from air showers. In order to interpret the data, an absolute, frequency dependent calibration is required. Due to a growing need for a better understanding of the measured frequency spectrum, we revisit the calibration of the LOFAR antennas in the range of 30—80 MHz. Using the galactic radio emission and a detailed model of the LOFAR signal chain, we find a calibration that provides an absolute energy scale and allows us to study frequency dependent features in measured air shower signals.
Highlights
Using radio measurements, air shower features such as the energy and atmospheric depth of the shower maximum can be reconstructed
Using the galactic radio emission and a detailed model of the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) signal chain, we find a calibration that provides an absolute energy scale and allows us to study frequency dependent features in measured air shower signals
This method requires knowing the contributions of electronic noise to the system, and the original galactic calibration is limited by the systematic uncertainty of the electronic noise
Summary
Air shower features such as the energy and atmospheric depth of the shower maximum can be reconstructed. The LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) telescope is well suited to measuring air showers because of its dense antenna spacing [1, 2] Shower properties such as Xmax, wavefront shape, and circular polarization have been measured [3,4,5]. Ongoing efforts to understand the shape of the power spectra of radio emission are underway [6] Critical to all these studies is a calibration of the LOFAR system response. The second method used the galactic emission as a calibration source This method requires knowing the contributions of electronic noise to the system, and the original galactic calibration is limited by the systematic uncertainty of the electronic noise. In this contribution we revisit the galactic method, characterizing electronic noise in detail so as to provide an absolute, frequency dependent calibration function
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