Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent afflicting people in close contact with infected pigs or pork meat. Sporadic cases of human infections have been reported worldwide. In addition, S. suis outbreaks emerged in Asia, making this bacterium a primary health concern in this part of the globe. In pigs, S. suis disease results in decreased performance and increased mortality, which have a significant economic impact on swine production worldwide. Facing the new regulations in preventive use of antimicrobials in livestock and lack of effective vaccines, control of S. suis infections is worrisome. Increasing and sharing of knowledge on this pathogen is of utmost importance. As such, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection, antimicrobial resistance, progress on diagnosis, prevention, and control were among the topics discussed during the 4th International Workshop on Streptococcus suis (held in Montreal, Canada, June 2019). This review gathers together recent findings on this important pathogen from lectures performed by lead researchers from several countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Thailand, The Netherlands, UK, and USA. Finally, policies and recommendations for the manufacture, quality control, and use of inactivated autogenous vaccines are addressed to advance this important field in veterinary medicine.
Highlights
3 of 38 3 of cooperation, relevant scientific information, and advice that will have a direct influence on the deTcihsieodnisamgnaodseisbyantdheespwidineme iinodlougsytryo.f the infection in humans and pigs; different aspects of the pathogeTnheesidsioafgtnhoesidsisaenadsee;paindteimmiicorloobgiyalorfesthisetainncfeec, tpiorenviennthiounmaannds caonndtrpoilg; sa;nddiffifenraelnlyt aausptoegcetsnoouf sthe vacpcaitnheopgoelniceysiswoefrethaedddirseesasseed; adnutrimingicrthobeimalereetsiinsgtaanncde,aprreefvuernthtieorndainscducsosendtroble;laonwd. autogenous vaccine policy were addressed during the meeting and are further discussed below
Serotype switch from CPS2 to CPS7 or to CPS3 had restricted impact, and serotype switch from CPS2 to CPS14 or to CPS9 had no significant effect on S. suis virulence (Appendix H). These findings suggest that serotype switching can differentially modulate S. suis virulence depending on the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) expressed and demonstrate its importance on S. suis pathogenesis and clinical disease
Continued development of suitable models for polymicrobial infections and a better understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms are required to develop effective intervention strategies to prevent the effects of these diseases on swine production
Summary
S1t.rIenpttroocdocuccutsiosnuis is considered one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens leading to importantSetrceopntoocmocicculsossusiessistocothnesipdeorrecdinoeniendouf sthtreymwoosrtldimwpidoert.anSt. bsuaicstehraiaslbseweinnereppaotrhtoegdegnlsolbeaaldlying to in boitmh ptroardtaitniot neacol naonmd iicntleonssseivsetoswthienepoorpceirnaetiionndsu[s1tr].y Cwoonrtlrdowl iids eb.aSs.edsuoisnhaans ableaernmrienpgoortveedrugsloeboaflly in antimbiocrtohbtiraalsd,ilteioadnianlgatnoda idnrtaemnsaitvice isnwcrienaeseoopfetrhaetiroinsks r[e1l]a.teCdontotraonltiims ibcarosebdialornesaisntaanlcaer.mItinisgaolsvoearunse of agentaonftdimisiecarsoebiinalhsu, lmeaadnisnagntdocaondsriadmeraetdicininmcroesatsOe EoCf tDhe(OrirsgkanreislaattieodntfooraEntciomniocmroibciCalo-roepsiesrtaatniocen.aInt dis Devealonpmageenntt) coofudnitsreieasseasinanhoucmcuapnastiaonndal cdoisnesaidseeraeffdecitninmg omsot sOtlyECswDin(eOirngdaunsistraytiownorfkoerrsE.cIonnAomsiaic, Cothis poaptehroagtieonnaaffnedctDs tehveelgoepnmereanlt)pcoopuunlatrtiieosnaasnadnreopccruespeantitosnaaslidginsiefiacsaenatfpfeucbtilnicghmeaolstthlycoswncienrenin[2d]u. stry Afterwaodrkeaedrsl.yI2n0A05siCa,htihniessepahtuhmogaennoauftfbecretsakth, eregseeanrecrhaltepaompus lwatoiornldwanidderetuprrneseedntths eairsaigttneinfitciaonnttpoublic S. suihs ewailtthh acnonecxeprlnos[2io].nAofftperuabldisehaeddlyar2t0ic0l5esC(hFiingeusree h1u).man outbreak, research teams worldwide turned. Compared to the genome of the epidemic strain (serotype 2, ST7), the major differences in the genomes of sporadic ST7 strains were the absence of the 89 kb pathogenicity island specific to the epidemic strain and insertion of mobile elements that play a significant role in the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes [27] This is the first study addressing the evolution of the ST7 strains and reporting serotype 14 ST7 isolates, highlighting the need to increase the surveillance of this human life-threatening lineage of S. suis. In addition to the “classical” described serotypes, a novel variant (serotype Chz) and strains carrying 26 novel capsular polysaccharide loci (NCL1-26) have been identified recently [28,29,30,31,32] These findings expand the views of the genetic diversity of S. suis cps loci. Their virulence potential and the role of these NCLs in the pathogenesis of the disease remain to be evaluated
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