Abstract
Hydatid disease is public health problem worldwide causing considerable health and economic loss. The disease may develop in almost any part of the human body. Bone involvement is often asymptomatic and diagnosis is primarily based on radiographic findings. Bone hydatidosis is less frequent than primary hydatidosis of the visceral organs. The localization of hydatid cysts in the bones has been little studied and so there is inadequate information in literature on the subsequent disease evolution from primary hydatidosis. We present a detailed review on hydatidosis of the bony skeleton particularly of patients who normally seek medical attention late. The review underlines the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of bone hydatid disease and its variants that may be currently under-/mis-diagnosed in disease endemic areas. We hope to stimulate a high index of suspicion among clinicians to facilitate early diagnosis and to consider the disease(s) as a differential diagnosis in cases of multiple abnormal activities in bones especially among middle aged and elderly people in endemic areas. Bone hydatid disease treatment and management is delicate, expensive and risky and in most cases reccur at some point. We therefore advocate for improved active methods of disease prevention in endemic areas.
Highlights
Echinococcosis is an infectious disease caused by the larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus in the family Taeniidae
The recurrence rate of bone hydatid disease is approximated at 30–40% but the rate could be higher if longer follow-ups are undertaken in future studies [82] for those who live or travel regularly within endemic areas
It is recommended that spinal hydatidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient who has been previously treated for the disease, lived or traveled within endemic areas and who presents with spine lesions and cord compression [83]
Summary
Echinococcosis (hydatid disease or hydatidosis) is an infectious disease caused by the larval (metacestode) stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus in the family Taeniidae. The genus has four species of medical importance associated with various forms of echinococcosis These are: Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, E.multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, E.vogeli causes polycystic echinococcosis and E.oligathrus is an extremely rare cause of human echinococcosis. Man is considered an accidental intermediate host in which the larval cysts locate mainly in the liver and lungs causing primary hydatid disease. There is need for practitioners to be aware of disease and its rarer manifestations This is because cystic hydatidosis is responsible for the largest series of surgical hydatid patients from Africa and demonstrates the wide diversity in cyst location in the human body. Bone hydatid disease known as osseous disease is a rare entity accounting for 0.5% to 4% of all human hydatidosis cases [9, 10]. The aspects on the cysts localization in the bony skeleton have been inadequately studied and so there is little information in literature on the subsequent disease evolution, diagnosis, treatment and management
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