Abstract
Color flow imaging (CFI), being non-invasive, is commonly used in obstetrics to study the fetal and placental circulations. The conventional CFI modes include color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and power Doppler imaging (PDI). In recent years, there is increasing use of new modes, including high-definition flow imaging (HDFI), radiant flow, microvascular flow imaging (MVFI), and three-/four-dimensional rendering in glass-body mode. Compared to CDFI, HDFI can show a higher resolution and sensitivity and allow the detection of slower flows. MVFI increases the sensitivity to fine or low-flow vessels while producing little or no motion artifacts. Radiant flow shows the blood flow with a sense of depth and reduces blood overflow. Glass-body mode, showing both gray-scale and color-flow information, can demonstrate the heart-cycle-related flow events and the vessel spatial relationship. In this review, the characteristics and applications of the various CFI modes in obstetrics are discussed. In particular, how these new technologies are integrated in detailed diagnostic and early morphology scans is presented.
Highlights
Color flow imaging (CFI), being non-invasive, is commonly used in obstetrics to study the fetal and placental circulations
The objective of this review is to summarize the characteristics of the various CFI modes and to evaluate their use in obstetrics
In monochorionic and monoamniotic twin pregnancies, one of the major complications is umbilical cord entanglement, which can be visualized by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) or high-definition flow imaging (HDFI)
Summary
Color flow imaging (CFI), being non-invasive, is commonly used in obstetrics to study the fetal and placental circulations. The conventional CFI modes include color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and power Doppler imaging (PDI). The objective of this review is to summarize the characteristics of the various CFI modes and to evaluate their use in obstetrics. How these new technologies are integrated into detailed diagnostic and early morphology scans, as recently recommended [8,9,10,11,12,13], is discussed
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