Abstract
Hybrid supercapacitors such as Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are one of the most modern energy storage devices of great research interest. The hybridization of the battery-type anode with the capacitive-type cathode brings out the synergic effect of enhanced energy density, power capability, long cycle life, and wide operating temperature. Herein, we introduce a simultaneous alloying-intercalation process from the recovered graphite: silicon monoxide (RG: SiOx) composite as a negative electrode for the LIC applications with the activated carbon (AC) as a counter electrode. The RG from spent lithium-ion batteries is mixed with commercially available SiOx by scalable mechano-chemical process, i. e., planetary ball-milling, to obtain a high-performance composite with various ratios. The LIC is assembled with an electrochemically prelithiated anode (LixSi + LiC6 + Li2O) and paired with AC under balanced mass loading conditions. The LIC delivered a maximum energy density of 218 Wh kg-1 and power density of 8.45 kW kg-1 with an ultra-long cycling life of over 20,000 cycles. Remarkably, the energy densities such as 208.7 and 201.4 Wh kg-1 are observed at various temperature conditions like 10 and 40 °C, respectively, with excellent capacity retention characteristics.
Published Version
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