Abstract
Objective: Excessive intake of fructose causes a variety of adverse conditions including obesity, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, uric acid overproduction and hypertension which is the most common and significant pathological setting. Cause of the hypertension is not known at present. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of fructose-induced hypertension by rat model. Design and method: Male SD rats (7 weeks old) were fed by food containing 60% glucose (GLU) and 60% fructose (FRU) for 3, 6 and 12 weeks. Histological, immunohistological and molecular biological analysis, and gene chip study were applied. No difference of calorie and salt intake of individual animal was daily checked by the measured weight of remaining food. Results: Mean blood pressure and fractional sodium excretion (FENa) of FRU were both significantly higher (BP 12w-GLU: 94.8 ± 3.4 vs 12w-FRU: 103.7 ± 1.2 mmHg; FENa 12w-GLU: 0.084 ± 0.011 vs 12w-FRU: 0.059 ± 0.08%), suggesting that fructose caused ECF volume-dependent hypertension. Glomerular expansion in FRU (glomerular surface area in 12w-GLU: 7495 ± 181 vs 12w-FRU: 9831 ± 164 square micrometer) was agreed with the increase in the ECF volume. The expression of GLUT-5, fructose entry pathway, and ketohexokinase, phosphatase of fructose, in the proximal tubule were both up-regulated by fructose. As a candidate of fructose-induced salt reabsorption pathway, NHE3 was focused first because it is principal salt reabsorption pathway of proximal tubule. However, gene expression analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting of whole and phosphorylated NHE3 indicated negative results. To explore salt transporting molecules responding to fructose, gene chip analysis was conducted, and Slc5a10, corresponding to SGLT-5, showed significant up-regulation. The result was confirmed by RT-PCR (12w-GLU: 75.0 ± 5.8% vs 12w-FLU: 230.1 ± 16.0%) and in-situ hybrydization. Conclusions: Excess intake of fructose caused volume-dependent hypertension due to increased salt reabsorption through fructose-induced up-regulation of SGLT-5.
Published Version
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