Abstract

1. It is the aim of this retrospective review to discover the causes of failure of the endoscopic ureteral procedures as well as to identify radiographic signs that may offer some clues to the probable difficulties that may be encountered during the endoscopic procedure. 2. To propose that percutaneous nephrostomy, whenever possible, be contemplated as the treatment option in failed initial ureteroscopic manipulation of impacted stone followed by a repeat immediate or delayed second look ureteroscopic procedure.

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