Unveiling nanotubes-mediated communication: Enterococcus faecalis countering Salmonella ser. Typhi - In vitro and In vivo insights

Abstract

Bacteria communicate with each other through contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. While certain contact-dependent mechanisms, such as Type IV and Type VI, have received considerable attention, nanotubes-mediated communication among gut bacteria remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the presence of nanotube production in both gut commensal and gut pathogenic bacteria. And also aims to show how Enterococcus faecalis utilizes nanotubes to combat Salmonella ser. Typhi (S. Typhi), a pathogen in the gut. The research findings suggest that the formation of nanotubes is an inherent trait observed in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, bacteria generate nanotubes in dynamic environments, biofilms, and even within the gut of zebrafish. These nanotubes develops over time in accordance with the duration of incubation. Furthermore, E. faecalis effectively combats S. Typhi through mechanisms that depend on physical contact rather than indirect methods. Notably, E. faecalis protects zebrafish larvae from S. Typhi infections by reducing reactive oxygen species and cell death, and concurrently boosting the production of antioxidant enzymes. It is hypothesized that E. faecalis might eliminate S. Typhi by transferring toxic metabolites into the pathogen via nanotubes. Gene expression analysis highlights that proinflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are elevated in Salmonella-infected larvae. However, co-treatment with E. faecalis counters this effect. Findings of this study underscores the significance of nanotubes as a vital machinery for bacterial communication and distribution of virulence factors. Exploring nanotubes-mediated communication at a molecular level could pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.