Unveiling Nanogranular Advancements in Nickel-Doped Tungsten Oxide for Superior Electrochromic Performance

Abstract

Electrochromic materials allow for precise control of their optical properties by applying an electric field, which has led to recent developments in energy-saving and indoor temperature control systems like smart windows. The selective incorporation of metal dopants is an effective technique for generating highly advanced semiconducting metal oxides with precisely customized physicochemical characteristics. In this report, we employed a one-step electrodeposition process to fabricate nickel-doped tungsten oxide (W–Ni) thin films, systematically probing the impact of nickel (Ni) doping on the collective material characteristics. Comprehensive X-ray diffraction research revealed significant changes in diffraction patterns, suggesting slight modifications in the structure caused by Ni doping. The scanning electron microscopy showed complex differences in the microstructure of the film, such as a dense surface, porosity, and clustering of nanogranules. The WNi-3% thin film doped at 3 wt. % exhibited excellent electrochromic performance by efficiently handling lithium ions and displaying favorable electrochromic properties. The improved electrode, WNi-3%, showed a maximum optical modulation of 81.90%, exceptional reversibility of 99.4%, and a high coloration efficiency of 75.12 cm2/C. These findings underscore the efficacy of Ni-doping in tailoring the electrochromic properties of nickel-doped tungsten oxide thin films, thereby advancing the frontiers of high-performance electrochromic materials for energy-efficient applications.