Abstract
In vitro embryo production (IVEP) is a revolutionary reproductive biotechnology in bovine species which enables rapid genetic gain and conservation of genetic resources. IVEP has numerous applications in field of animal breeding, conservation and research, making it a powerful tool for enhancing reproductive efficiency and genetic progress in livestock industry. The process involves manipulating gametes, including oocytes and sperm, in a laboratory setting. Success of IVEP largely relies on optimization of each step, including gamete quality, sperm preparation techniques, fertilization conditions and culture medium. Advancements in culture media formulations by additions of growth factors, antioxidants along with co-culture systems and advanced imaging techniques have improved efficiency and success rates. In this article, the authors have reviewed the importance as well as biomarkers associated with in vitro maturation for a more successful outcome of IVEP in bovines.
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