Abstract
NOx is unavoidably emitted during combustion in air at high temperature and/or pressure, which, if exceeding recommended levels, has a negative impact on the population. The authors found that when moist, limestone (CaCO3) readily sorbs NO2 to form calcium nitrate, which provides the basis for developing a surface flow filter. The substrate was made from “over-recycled” cellulose fibres such as newsprint, magazines, or packaging fibre, which are too weak to be used in further recycling. The substrate was specially-coated with fine-ground calcium carbonate and micro-nano-fibrillated cellulose, which was used as a binder and essential humectant to avoid formation of a stagnant air layer. Pre-oxidation countered the action of denitrification bacteria colonising the cellulose substrate. The by-product CO2 produced in situ during carbonate to nitrate conversion was adsorbed by perlite, which is an inert high surface-area additive. After use, the nitrate-rich CaCO3-cellulose-based filter was proposed to be mulched into a run-off resistant soil fertiliser and micronutrient suitable, e.g., for renewable forestry within the circular economy. Belgrade, Serbia, which is a highly polluted city, was used as a laboratory test bed, and NO2 was successfully removed from an inlet of city air. A construct of street-side self-draughting or municipal/commercial transport vehicle-exterior motion-draught filter boxes is discussed.
Highlights
The following introduction aims to explain the claim that NOx released by any form of combustion in air at high temperature is a pollutant that will remain as transport, industry, and energy generationAppl
Given the desire to opt for the minimal carbon emissions pathway to navigate the evolving regulatory environment aimed at promoting sustainably favourable energy sourcing and motive power, these findings indicate that internal combustion engine (ICE)
Based on an assumed 10 μg·m−3 NO2 concentration determined from NO2 annual mean concentrations, the findings reported 5,966 (95% confidence interval: 2,031 to 9,893) premature deaths and 49,726 (16,929 to 82,456) years of life lost (YLL) due to NO2 -attributable cardiovascular mortality from long-term exposure for 2014 (Table 2)
Summary
The following introduction aims to explain the claim that NOx released by any form of combustion in air at high temperature is a pollutant that will remain as transport, industry, and energy generation. The development described in this work meets or contributes to the United Nations’ sustainability development goals (Figure 3a) No 2, zero hunger (via plant nutrition), No 3, good health and well-being (by capturing a health-risk pollutant), No 7, affordable and clean energy (by supporting sustainable energy sourcing and storage options), No 8, industry, innovation and infrastructure (innovative solutions involving industry and preserving infrastructure–transport), No 11, sustainable cities and communities (retaining drivers for economic activity and removing pollutants), No 12, responsible consumption and production (enabling sustainable energy use for vehicle construction, transport, and manufacturing), No 13, climate action (supporting the path to zero carbon emissions via a route of minimum carbon emission evolution amongst available options in a given sector), No 14, life below water (the water retention of cellulose reduces nutrient run-off from soil), No 15, life on land (again via plant nutrition), and No 17, partnerships for sustainability goals (by being an international collaboration between two academic institutions and a global renewable mineral pigment supplier company) It falls within the concept of circular economy (Figure 3b)
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