Abstract
Introduction: Direct carotid cavernous fistulae most commonly due to trauma are usually easy to diagnosis. Indirect fistulae, on the other hand, are often very difficult to diagnosis leading to substantial delay and potential significant visual system morbidity. Untreated dural fistulae lead to visual loss in 20 to 30% of patients. Untreated high cortical venous pressure contributes to morbidity by causing venous infarctions.
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