Abstract
High levels of vanadium corresponding 107 tirnes higher than that in seawater are accumulated in the blood cells of ascidians. Among the about ten types of blood cells, the signet ring cells were revealed to be the true vanadocytes. Vanadium in the vanadocytes was reduced to the +3 oxidation state under pH2. The vanadocytes contained the highest level of sulfate and had H+-ATPases in their vacuoles. These findings suggest the possibility that protons, concentrated by H+-ATPases, might be linked energetically to the accumulation of vanadium
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