Abstract
Working with data in table form is usually considered a preparatory and tedious step in the sensemaking pipeline; a way of getting the data ready for more sophisticated visualization and analytical tools. But for many people, spreadsheets - the quintessential table tool - remain a critical part of their information ecosystem, allowing them to interact with their data in ways that are hidden or abstracted in more complex tools. This is particularly true for data workers [61], people who work with data as part of their job but do not identify as professional analysts or data scientists. We report on a qualitative study of how these workers interact with and reason about their data. Our findings show that data tables serve a broader purpose beyond data cleanup at the initial stage of a linear analytic flow: users want to see and "get their hands on" the underlying data throughout the analytics process, reshaping and augmenting it to support sensemaking. They reorganize, mark up, layer on levels of detail, and spawn alternatives within the context of the base data. These direct interactions and human-readable table representations form a rich and cognitively important part of building understanding of what the data mean and what they can do with it. We argue that interactive tables are an important visualization idiom in their own right; that the direct data interaction they afford offers a fertile design space for visual analytics; and that sense making can be enriched by more flexible human-data interaction than is currently supported in visual analytics tools.
Highlights
Despite the widespread proliferation of visualization tools, data tables remain ubiquitous
We structure our findings around three areas of importance: the physical architecture of the tables our participants built and used, the actions our participants took when using these tables (Working with Tables, Sect. 5.2), and how our participants reflected on their data work (Obstacles for Data Workers, Sect. 5.3)
We examined the sensemaking practices of data workers
Summary
Despite the widespread proliferation of visualization tools, data tables remain ubiquitous. Spreadsheets, the canonical table tools, pervade the data ecosystems of organizations, even when purpose-built business intelligence (BI) tools are widely available. Their people, unsophisticated in their data strategy? We maintain that tables and spreadsheets remain useful across a variety of skillsets and user profiles. We focus on the everyday work that people in business settings, even people who would not self-describe as professional analysts, get done with their data. Following Liu et al [62], we term these people data workers.
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