Abstract
Enzyme treatment and fermentation of cereals are known processes that enhance the release of bound bioactive compounds to make them available for bioactivity. In this study, we tested the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory ability of destarched rice, Prozyme 2000p treated destarched rice (DP), and fermented DP samples. Prozyme 2000p treatment increased the ACE inhibitory ability from 15 ± 5% to 45 ± 3%. Fermentation of the Prozyme 2000p treated samples with Enterococcus faecium EBD1 significantly increased the ACE inhibitory ability to 75 ± 5%, while captopril showed an ACE inhibition of 92 ± 4%. An untargeted metabolomics approach using Ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry revealed the abundance of vitamins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant peptides, DPP IV inhibitory peptides, and antihypertensive peptides in the fermented samples which may account for its strong ACE inhibition. Although fermented DP had decreased fatty acid levels, the amount of essential amino acid improved drastically compared to destarched rice. Our results show that fermenting Prozyme-treated destarched rice with Enterococcus faecium EBD1 generates abundant bioactive compounds necessary for developing antihypertensive functional foods.
Highlights
In recent years, cereal grains such as rice have attracted much scientific attention [1] because they contain phenolic compounds such as quercetin, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid [2] which have strong antioxidant abilities [3]
Prozyme treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory ability of destarched rice rice from 15 ± 5% to 45 ± 3% (Figure 1). This could be due to the release of ACE inhibitory from 15 ± 5% to 45 ± 3% (Figure 1). This could be due to the release of ACE inhibitory compounds compounds from the rice proteins during Prozyme proteolysis
Our observation agrees with earlier studies that studies that showed that hydrolysis of rice proteins enhances the generation of ACE inhibitory showed that hydrolysis of rice proteins enhances the generation of ACE inhibitory hydrolysates [28]
Summary
Cereal grains such as rice have attracted much scientific attention [1] because they contain phenolic compounds such as quercetin, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid [2] which have strong antioxidant abilities [3]. One popular physiological mechanism of hypertension is the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS) [9]. In the RAAS, renin cleaves angiotensinogen to release angiotensin I which is hydrolyzed by angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) to generate angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor) [10]. Foods 2020, 9, 1007 been shown to strongly inhibit angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) [11,12] and the strength of inhibition is directly proportional to the number of hydroxyl groups they possess [13]. Rice contains proteins which when hydrolyzed, generate bioactive peptides [10]
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