Abstract
This study systematically evaluates the presence of methane mitigating metabolites in two hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties, Futura 75 and Finola. Hemp metabolites were extracted with methanol and fractionated using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Extracts, fractions, and the remaining pulp were screened for their methane mitigating potential using an in vitro model of rumen fermentation. The bioactive metabolites were identified with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). When incubated with a standard feed (maize silage), the extract of Futura 75 significantly reduced methane production compared to that of control (without added extract) and without negative effects on feed degradability and volatile fatty acid patterns. The compounds responsible for the methane mitigating effect were assigned to flavonoid glycosides. However, none of the fractions of Futura 75 or the pulp exhibited similar effect on methane emission. Butyric acid concentration in the fermentation inoculum was significantly increased, which could indicate why methane production was higher, when incubated with the fractions and the pulp. The extract of Finola did not show a similar significant effect, however, there was a numerical tendency towards lower methane production. The difference in methane mitigating properties between Cannabis sativa L. Futura 75 and Finola, could be related to the content of bioactive flavonoids.
Highlights
We hypothesized that the two hemp varieties and derived extracts, fractions, and pulp differ in methane mitigating properties in vitro, which relates to the composition of bioactive compounds
We hypothesized that the two hemp varieties derived extracts, fractions, and pulp differ inof methane properties in vitro, are which relates to the composition
The extraction and fractionation hempmitigating bioactive compounds typically associated of bioactive compounds
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The highest concentrations of cannabinoids were found in inflorescences, whereas leaves contained the highest concentrations of flavonoids, such as orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and apigenin [11] These approaches all show that hemp produces a plethora of secondary metabolites with a diversity of known and unknown bioactivities. The purpose plant including leaves and stalks); (2) to assess the methane mitigating effect of the extracts, fractions, and the remaining pulp in an in vitro screening system simulating rumen fermentation; and (3) perform identification of potential methane mitigating compounds. We hypothesized that the two hemp varieties and derived extracts, fractions, and pulp differ in methane mitigating properties in vitro, which relates to the composition of bioactive compounds. Futura 75rumen and Finola and (3) perform identification of potential methane mitigating compounds using LCHemp was shown to contain thousands of metabolites withand different bioactivities. Because hemp contains thousands ofand secondary metabolites, the methane mitigating potential of
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