Abstract
Currently, there is a renewed interest towards the development of plant-based pharmacophores. In this work, 16 extracts prepared from the leaves, twigs, roots and fruits of a hydro-halophyte, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Family: Rhizophoraceae), were studied for possible antioxidant activity and the phenolic profiles established. Thereafter, enzymatic inhibitory activities (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetyl- (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, and elastase) were assessed. The total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, tannin, flavanol and triterpenoid content were estimated using standard assays. An untargeted metabolomics-based approach, based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) followed by multivariate statistics, was then used to comprehensively profile and describe the phenolics present. UHPLC-QTOF-MS allowed for putatively annotating 104 phenolic acids, 103 flavonols, 94 flavones, 71 anthocyanins, 66 tyrosols, 29 lignans, 15 alkylphenols and 10 stilbenes in the extracts. Nine strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella enteritidis, Sarcina lutea, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans) were then used to investigate the antimicrobial properties. The methanolic twig extract exhibited significant reducing potential towards Cu (II)/Cu (I) and Fe (III)/Fe (II) (1336.88 ± 15.70 and 710.18 ± 21.04 mg TE/g, respectively) and was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (807.07 ± 6.83 mg TE/g). Additionally, the methanolic twig extract showed significant inhibition against most targeted enzymes. Anti-microbial results showed that all extracts were active against MRSA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the phenolic profile of ethyl acetate extracts and leaves were the two most discriminative parameters in terms of solvents and organs, respectively. The present findings indicated that R. mucronata may be further explored for the management/prevention of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative complications and hyperpigmentation.
Highlights
The tropics and sub-tropics dwell an important ecosystem in the realm where the land meets the ocean but is sometimes overlooked
The total bioactive components of the different extracts of R. mucronata were investigated in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic acid content (TPA), flavanol content (TFlavC), tannin content (TTC)
Data obtained in this study revealed strong positive correlation between TPC and DPPH (R = 0.94), ABTS (R = 0.96), CUPRAC (R = 0.98), FRAP (R = 0.98) and between
Summary
The tropics and sub-tropics dwell an important ecosystem in the realm where the land meets the ocean but is sometimes overlooked. It is the mangrove forests, which shield the coastlines of several tropical countries including Mauritius [1]. Apart from their ecological importance, these plants hold another facet, which is undisclosed to the scientific community. It is the therapeutic values possessed by the plants. Utilization is related to the content of several nutrients, such as proteins, fats, sugars, vitamins and minerals [2]
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