Untargeted Metabolomic Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Rabbits Induced by a High Fat Diet.

Huimei Fan,Mauricio A Elzo,Tao Tang,Yuan Ma,Li Wang,Mingchuan Gan,Jiahao Shao,Jie Wang,Tianfu Lai,Xianbo Jia,Yanhong Li,Songjia Lai

doi:10.3390/ani11061722

Huimei Fan, Mauricio A Elzo + Show 10 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061722

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Abstract

Simple SummaryIn the present study, we performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle of rabbits and found that the skeletal muscle of rabbits fed a high-fat diet is rich in many metabolites, most of which are associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In this paper, the mechanism of action of these metabolites in skeletal muscle and the metabolic pathways that interfere with the normal operation mechanism of the body are described and presented in the form of charts. Finally, we found that skeletal muscle-rich phospholipids, long-chain carnitine, histidine, carnosine, and tetrahydrocortisone may be potential markers for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and may serve as potential therapeutic targets for related diseases in the future.Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome caused by a high fat diet (HFD) have become public health problems worldwide. These diseases are characterized by the oxidation of skeletal muscle mitochondria and disruption of insulin resistance, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, this study aims to reveal how high-fat diet causes skeletal muscle metabolic disorders. In total, 16 weaned rabbits were randomly divided into two groups, one group was fed a standard normal diet (SND) and the other group was fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks. At the end of the five-week experiment, skeletal muscle tissue samples were taken from each rabbit. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that high fat diet significantly altered the expression levels of phospholipids, LCACs, histidine, carnosine, and tetrahydrocorticosterone in skeletal muscle. Principal component analysis (PCA) and least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that, compared with the SND group, skeletal muscle metabolism in HFD group was significantly up-regulated. Among 43 skeletal muscle metabolites in the HFD group, phospholipids, LCACs, histidine, carnosine, and tetrahydrocorticosteroids were identified as biomarkers of skeletal muscle metabolic diseases, and may become potential physiological targets of related diseases in the future. Untargeted metabonomics analysis showed that high-fat diet altered the metabolism of phospholipids, carnitine, amino acids and steroids in skeletal muscle of rabbits. Notably, phospholipids, LCACs, histidine, carnopeptide, and tetrahydrocorticosteroids block the oxidative capacity of mitochondria and disrupt the oxidative capacity of glucose and the fatty acid-glucose cycle in rabbit skeletal muscle.

Highlights

With the rapid development of the economy and society, great changes have taken place in the way of the human diet
These figures show that high fat diet (HFD) affects the metabolism of phospholipids, carnitine, amino acids, and steroids in the skeletal muscle of rabbits, and that the HFD greatest influence occurs on amino acid and lipid metabolism
A high-fat diet caused a disturbance of the phospholipid metabolism, acylcarnitine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and steroid metabolism in skeletal muscle of rabbits

Summary

Introduction

With the rapid development of the economy and society, great changes have taken place in the way of the human diet. It seems that the consumption of high-fat foods has become a normal part of life, which brings about many related diseases to the body. Diet is considered to be the most important factor leading to metabolic disorders [3,4]. A high-fat diet (HFD) causes obesity and metabolic diseases mainly due to the accumulation of metabolites in skeletal muscle. In addition to supporting movement and breathing, skeletal muscle is the most important metabolic organ in the human body, which can regulate glucose homeostasis. The release of insulin in the muscle of the pancreas desensitizes and inhibits absorption, leading to insulin resistance [8,9,10]

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