Abstract
Two-layer exchange flow through a contraction with both friction and barotropic forcing is modelled in terms of three parameters reflecting the friction and the strength and period of the barotropic forcing. In the appropriate limits, the results for steady flow with and without friction, and inviscid barotropically forced flow are recovered. The predicted time-dependent interface position compares well with laboratory experiments, improving on the inviscid formulation. The concurrent effects of friction and barotropic forcing on average exchange flow rate are determined. When friction is weak barotropic forcing increases the exchange rate. However, when friction is high, tidal forcing can result in a reduced exchange rate, a phenomena that we call tidal inhibition. When friction is weak maximal exchange occurs throughout the tidal cycle, but as friction is increased submaximal flow develops for longer and longer periods. As friction is increased even further the flow becomes hydraulically uncontrolled. The parameter range for major sea straits includes tidally enhanced and tidally inhibited flows, as well as maximal, submaximal and uncontrolled flows.
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