Abstract
We derive analytic criteria for the location and angle of unsteady particle separation and reattachment in two-dimensional flows with free-slip boundary conditions. Our wall-based criteria show that, in general, fluid breakaway from the boundary takes place at locations different from either instantaneous or averaged stagnation points. Indeed, for time-varying flows, separation does not occur along a free streamline or along an average free streamline. We apply the formula to transport in randomized Rayleigh–Bénard convection cells, as well as to boundary current separation and reattachment in high-frequency radar data collected in Monterey Bay, California.
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