Abstract
Objective: Electroencephalographic status epilepticus occurs in 9–35% of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Mortality is 90–100%. It is unclear whether (some) seizure patterns represent a condition in which anti-epileptic treatment may improve outcome, or severe ischemic damage, in which treatment is futile. We explored current treatment practice and its effect on patients’ outcome.Methods: We retrospectively identified patients that were treated with anti-epileptic drugs from our prospective cohort study on the value of continuous electroencephalography (EEG) in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Outcome at 6 months was dichotomized between “good” [cerebral performance category (CPC) 1 or 2] and “poor” (CPC 3, 4, or 5). EEG analyses were done at 24 h after cardiac arrest and during anti-epileptic treatment. Unequivocal seizures and generalized periodic discharges during more than 30 min were classified as status epilepticus.Results: Thirty-one (22%) out of 139 patients were treated with anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin, levetiracetam, valproate, clonazepam, propofol, midazolam), of whom 24 had status epilepticus. Dosages were moderate, barbiturates were not used, medication induced burst-suppression not achieved, and treatment improved electroencephalographic status epilepticus patterns temporarily (<6 h). Twenty-three patients treated for status epilepticus (96%) died. In patients with status epilepticus at 24 h, there was no difference in outcome between those treated with and without anti-epileptic drugs.Conclusion: In comatose patients after cardiac arrest complicated by electroencephalographic status epilepticus, current practice includes unstandardized, moderate treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. Although widely used, this does probably not improve patients’ outcome. A randomized controlled trial to estimate the effect of standardized, aggressive treatment, directed at complete suppression of epileptiform activity during at least 24 h, is needed and in preparation.
Highlights
Of comatose patients after cardiac arrest, admitted on the intensive care unit, 40–66% never regains consciousness as a result of diffuse post-anoxic encephalopathy [1,2,3]
In patients with status epilepticus at 24 h, there was no difference in outcome between those treated with and without anti-epileptic drugs
In comatose patients after cardiac arrest complicated by electroencephalographic status epilepticus, current practice includes unstandardized, moderate treatment with anti-epileptic drugs
Summary
Of comatose patients after cardiac arrest, admitted on the intensive care unit, 40–66% never regains consciousness as a result of diffuse post-anoxic encephalopathy [1,2,3]. In these patients, a broad spectrum of electroencephalography (EEG) changes can be observed [4]. The diagnosis of seizures and status epilepticus on the EEG of comatose patients after cardiac arrest is controversial [14, 15]. Some experts consider other rhythmic or periodic patterns, such as generalized or lateralized periodic discharges or rhythmic delta activity, as seizure activity [16]
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