UNSETTLING IMMIGRANT GEOGRAPHIES: US IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF SCALE

The Politics of Immigration Development of French Immigration Policy Understanding French Immigration Policy Politics of Immigration in France Development of British Immigration Policy Understanding British Immigration Policy Politics of Immigration in Britain Development of US Immigration Policy Understanding US Immigration Policy Politics of Immigration in the United States

This paper introduces a special collection of 15 papers that chart a course for long-term reform of the US immigration system. The papers look beyond recent legislative debates and the current era of rising nationalism and restrictionism to outline the elements of a forward-looking immigration policy that would serve the nation's interests, honor its liberal democratic ideals, promote the full participation of immigrants in the nation's life, and exploit the opportunities offered by the increasingly interdependent world. This paper highlights several overarching themes from the collection, as well as dozens of proposals for reform. Together, the papers in the collection make the case that: • Immigration policymaking should be embedded in a larger set of partnerships, processes, and commitments that respond to the conditions that force persons to migrate. • The US immigration system should reflect liberal democratic values and an inclusive vision of national identity. • It is incumbent on policy and opinion makers to publicize the broad national interests served by US immigration policies. • Policymakers should, in turn, evaluate and adjust US immigration policies based on their success in furthering the nation's interests. • The United States should prioritize the gathering and dissemination of the best available evidence on migration and on the nation's migration-related needs and programs, and should use this information to respond flexibly to changing migration patterns and new economic developments. • Immigrant integration strengthens communities and represents an important, overarching metric for US immigration policies. • The successful integration of the United States' 43 million foreign-born residents and their progeny should be a national priority. • An immigration federalism agenda should prioritize cooperation on shared federal, state, and local priorities. • An immigration federalism agenda should recognize the federal government's enforcement obligations; the interests of local communities in the safety, well-being and participation of their residents; the importance of federal leadership in resolving the challenges posed by the US undocumented population; and the need for civil society institutions to serve as mediators of immigrant integration. • Immigration reform should be coupled with strong, well-enforced labor standards in order to promote fair wages and safe and healthy working conditions for all US workers. • Fairness and due process should characterize US admission, custody, and removal decisions. • Family unity should remain a central goal of US immigration policy and a pillar of the US immigration system. • The United States should seek to craft “win-win” immigration policies that serve its own interests and that benefit migrant-sending states. • US immigration law and policy should be coherent and consistent, and the United States should create legal migration opportunities for persons uprooted by US foreign interventions, trade policies, and immigration laws. • The United States should reduce the size of its undocumented population through a substantial legalization program and seek to ensure that this population never again approximates its current size.

The community of Azerbaijani immigrants in the United States, which is the subject of our proposed study, is a pretty recent phenomenon. Most Azerbaijani-Americans have immigrated to the United States mainly from Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia or Turkey. Azerbaijani immigration and integration in the United States have not been documented and studied thoroughly. There is no population survey that provides information of any kind on the attitudes and opinions of Azerbaijani Americans. Based on the survey conducted among sample of 103 Azerbaijani immigrants, this paper aims to provide the profile of the Azerbaijani community, socio-cultural characteristics, assess the immigrant’s identification with their native culture, ethnic attachment, as well as, their emotional ties to the homeland and level of integration in the United States.

Although politics play pivotal roles in the emergence and operation of private prison corporations (PPCs), less is known about the effects of politics on PPCs’ financial performance. This paper examines the economic consequences of US immigration politics on PPCs using stock market data. Results show that PPCs benefit from restrictive immigration politics through increased stock values and certainty of future profitability. In contrast, their stock values are more likely to fall when the federal government announces sanctions threats on PPCs. These immigration politics only shape PPCs because of their unique business partnership with governments, but do not have meaningful impacts on private security companies that hold weak commercial interests in immigration politics. Finally, this study offers policy implications by revealing consequential effects of national-level politics on PPCs’ financial performance, suggesting future directions for federal roles in regulating PPCs.

This article argues that immigration policy formation in the United States after 1950 can only be understood in the context of the increasing integration of world markets. Increasing trade openness has exposed firms that rely on immigrant labor to foreign competition and increased the likelihood that these firms fail. Increasing openness by other states to foreign direct investment (FDI) allowed these same firms to move production overseas. Firms' choices to close their doors or to move overseas decrease their need for labor at home, leading them to spend their political capital on issues other than immigration. Their lack of support for open immigration, in turn, allows policymakers to restrict immigration. An examination of voting behavior on immigration in the US Senate shows that the integration of world capital and goods markets has had an important effect on the politics of immigration in the United States and shows little support for existing theories of immigration policy formation. In addition to increasing one's understanding of immigration policy, this article sheds light on how trade openness and firms' choice of production location can affect their preference for other foreign economic policies as well as domestic policies such as labor, welfare, and environmental policies.

The status of citizenship and the rights extended to non-citizens are among the most contentious and hotly debated political issues in numerous Western polities. Some scholars, most notably Seyla Benhabib, have deemed the contemporary changes a ‘disaggregation of rights claims’, in which the interplay between ideals of particularism and universalism lead to an ‘unbundling’ of civil, political and social rights with formal national membership. Yet this theoretical framing harbors deficiencies that complicate our understanding of the contemporary politics of immigration. In this article, I critically examine this account to show both its theoretical shortcomings and the incomplete explanations to which these deficiencies lead. In particular, I focus on the case of the 2006 protests in response to restrictionist immigration reform in the United States. Furthermore, I suggest ways in which an agonistic pluralist approach to citizenship and immigration issues provides us with a richer account of the political negotiations under way, as well as a means to re-conceptualize democratic voice and, at least in part, to begin democratically legitimating borders and access to political membership.

Recent evidence indicates that anti-immigration attitudes in white-majority societies have a “racial hue” as they at least partially derive from aversion toward prevalent immigrant groups. Building upon this result, I argue that there is variation in the degree to which people think of stereotypically immigrant groups as darker-skinned, and that this variation has implications for attitudes toward immigration. To test these conjectures, I propose an instrument to measure the associations between social groups and light vs. dark skin tone based on the implicit association test architecture. Using original survey studies in the United States and Britain, I demonstrate that respondents in the two countries indeed tend to perceive stereotypically immigrant groups – Hispanics and Muslims – as darker-skinned than stereotypically native ones (Anglos and Christians respectively). Further, individual differences in these perceptions are related to group-specific prejudice, opinions about immigration, and partisan affect.

l. Introduction: Who They Are and Why They Come The Origins of Immigration Immigrants and Their Types Overview 2. Moving: Patterns of Immigrant Settlement and Spatial Mobility The Pioneers Following in the Footsteps Contemporary Settlement Patterns: A Map of Immigrant America Preferred Places Persistent Ethnicity Conclusion: The Pros and Cons of Spatial Concentration 3. Making It in America: Occupational and Economic Adaptation mmigrants in the American Economy Explaining the Differences: Modes of IncorporationContexts of Reception 4. From Immigrants to Ethnics: Identity, Citizenship, and Political Participation Immigrant Politics at the Turn of the Century Immigrant Politics Today The Future of Immigrant Politics Conclusion 5. A Foreign World: Immigration, Mental Health, and Acculturation Marginality and Freedom Early Psychopathology: The Eugenics Approach to Mental Illness From Nationality to Class and Context: The Changed Etiology of Mental Illness Immigrants and Refugees: Contemporary Trends Contexts of Incorporation: Mental Health and Help Seeking Acculturation and Its Consequences Conclusion: The Major Determinants of Immigrant Psychology 6. Learning the Ropes: Language and the Second Generation Patterns of English Language Acquisition in the United States Language Diversity and Resilience in the United States Today Assimilation and Linguistic Pluralism in America Conclusion 7. Conclusion: The Undocumented, Immigration Policy, and the Future Determinants of Unauthorized Immigration: The Push-Pull ModelL An Alternative Approach (I): The Macrostructures of Labor Migration An Alternative Approach (II): The Microstructures of Labor Migration Determinants of Unauthorized Immigration: A Summary Immigration Types and the Law Conclusion

When it comes to immigration policy, nation-states generally have the power to exclude, admit, or expel noncitizens from their territories. On the other hand, subnational jurisdictions have more often been given the task of formulating and implementing immigrant policy, which entails the incorporation of immigrants into local communities. This division of labor has recently come under intense scrutiny. The local and state politics of immigration and immigrant integration in the United States has been documented in the scholarly literature, focusing on topics such as California’s Proposition 187, the disparity between the national benefits and local costs of immigration, and the increasing role played by nongovernmental organizations and other nonstate actors in the integration of immigrants at the local scale. Four categories of local immigrant and immigration policy have been studied: policies that arise from the devolution of select powers over noncitizens; grassroots policies on areas such as education and human trafficking; policies that are more explicitly about a politics of immigration control; and policies that engage with a politics of immigrant integration. However, there are still avenues that require further investigation so as to better understand the growing involvement of subnational governments in the formulation and implementation of immigrant and immigration policy. For example, more research is needed in which policy outcome is taken as the dependent variable and to document and understand the dynamics of local immigrant integration and immigration policy formation in developing countries.

Why do legislators in Congress do what they do when it comes to voting on immigration policy? The Politics of Comprehensive Immigration Reform in the United States argues that contemporary immigration politics is defined by three core features: the entrenchment of partisan divides over the issue of immigration, demographic changes that are reshaping the electorate, and how these changes are creating new opportunities to define what it means to be an American in a period of unprecedented national origins, racial and ethnic, and cultural diversity. It analyzes more than 30,000 votes in the House and in the Senate since H.R. 4437, which was a restrictive immigration bill that, after passing in the House in late 2005, led to nationwide marches in 2006 that crystallized the contemporary immigrant-rights movement. The book provides readers with a primer on United States immigration policy, offering detailed discussions on legal admissions policies, border security polices, interior immigration enforcement policies, and policies related to the legal status of undocumented immigrants. After laying out the current policy landscape, legislative proposals to reform the United States immigration system are also discussed. The book also uses the analysis of voting on immigration policy to forecast the future of comprehensive immigration reform in the United States.

Notes on Contributors. Introduction (Reed Ueda). Part I: Policy and Politics. 1. A Nation of Immigrants and a Gatekeeping Nation: American Immigration Law and Policy (Erika Lee). 2. Naturalization and Nationality (Irene Bloemraad and Reed Ueda). 3. Immigration and Ethnic Politics (James J. Connolly). 4. Immigrant Transnationals and US Foreign Relations (Xiao-Huang Yin and Peter H. Hoehn). 5. Bodies from Abroad: Immigration, Health, and Disease (Alan M. Kraut). 6. The Politics of Immigration and the Rise of the Migration State: Comparative and Historical Perspectives (James F. Hollifield). Part II: Ethnicity, Race, and Nation. 7. Ethnic and Racial Identity (Marilyn Halter). 8. Nativism and Prejudice Against Immigrants (Tyler Anbinder). 9. Assimilation and American National Identity (Michael R. Olneck). 10. Internationalization and Transnationalization (David Gerber). 11. Immigration and Race Relations (Jeffrey Melnick). Part III: Population and Society. 12. Demography and American Immigration (Michael S. Teitelbaum). 13. Gender and Immigration (Suzanne M. Sinke). 14. Immigrant Residential and Mobility Patterns (Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller). 15. Characteristics of Immigrants to the United States: 1820-2003 (Guillermina Jasso and Mark R. Rosenzweig). 16. Marriage Patterns in Historical Perspective: Gender and Ethnicity (Robert McCaa, Albert Esteve, and Clara Cortina). Part IV: Economy and Society. 17. Immigrant Social Mobility and the Historian (Kenneth A. Scherzer). 18. Labor and Immigration History: First Principles (Leon Fink). 19. Immigration in the Economy: Development and Enterprise (Nian-Sheng Huang). 20. Immigrants in the American Housing Market (Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller). Part V: Culture and Community. 21. Immigration and American Diversity: Food for Thought (Donna R. Gabaccia). 22. Immigration and Language (Nancy C. Carnevale). 23. Immigration and Education in the United States (Paula S. Fass). 24. Religion and Ethnicity (John McClymer). 25. Mutual Aid Societies and Fraternal Orders (Daniel Soyer). Index.

Whether the story is of Chinese immigrants discovered in a Seattle port container or suffocated to death in the back of a truck passing through the British Channel port of Dover, whether it concerns raids on employers in the south-western United States or in German construction firms, undocumented immigration 1 and employment have captured the attention of the popular media and social scientists alike. However, rather than focusing on a series of sensationalist stories of undocumented immigrants and their unscrupulous employers or obsessing over the number of undocumented migrants in various countries, this paper sketches out some similarities and differences in the political economy of undocumented immigration and informal employment in the United States and the European Union. Following the work of Guiraudon and Lahav, I argue that this dynamic political economy can be explored through an upward, downward, and outward re-scaling of policymaking. 2 I conclude that there are remarkable similarities but also some important divergences between the United States and the European Union in terms of the social processes and scales that are involved in decision-making.

This study surveys the pattern of Turkish immigration and integration in the United States, and examines Turkish‐American identity formations in the context of American society. The paper begins with an overview of Turkish immigration in the United States by classifying it in three distinctive immigration waves. It then analyzes Turkish‐American struggles for re‐constructing new identities by looking at how Turkish identities in the United States are constructed, maintained, and re‐constructed, and how Turkish‐American ‘meanings’ are negotiated and contested. The study emphasizes the multiplicity, complexity, and contingency of Turkish‐Americanness in regard to Westernness, Middle Easternness, Americanness and Turkishness, and problematizes ethnic labels such as ‘Turkish’ or ‘Turkish‐American’ by showing their multiple, complex, and contingent meanings. The study is based on the author's observations and in‐depth interviews with members of the Turkish‐American community during the last two years in the New York City metropolitan area.

1 Front Matter 2 1 Introduction 3 2 An Economic Framework for Assessing the Fiscal Impacts of Immigration 4 3 Fiscal Impacts of Immigrant and Native Households: A New Jersey Case Study 5 4 The Fiscal Impacts of Immigrants: A California Case Study 6 5 The Current Fiscal Impact of Immigrants and Their Descendants: Beyond the Immigrant Household 7 6 Immigrants and Natives in General Equilibrium Trade Models 8 7 Labor Market Outcomes of Female Immigrants in the United States 9 8 Historical Background to Current Immigration Issues 10 9 Immigration and Crime in the United States 11 10 The Impact of Recent Immigration on Population Redistribution Within the United States 12 Index

Chapter 1 focuses on the framework of moral and immoral whiteness to make three interrelated arguments about whites’ attitudes on immigration. Grounding the book’s theory in the history of immigration in the United States, the chapter argues first that whiteness structures immigration and second that immigration attitudes are moral choices. Since whiteness is about an understanding of race and power and thus moral culpability, whites’ political attitudes and behavior should be understood through this lens. The final aspect of the chapter’s argument is that whites’ moral norms, the values, beliefs, and roles that dictate ingroup behavior, are intimately connected to whites’ socialization and in turn their political and psychological predispositions. The chapter argues that predispositions, individual-level traits that mitigate communication and information that people encounter and the extent to which the information is received, are byproducts of socialization.