Abstract
Water conflicts have huge impacts on livelihoods and without proper redress, have capacity to stall economic development of a community. This paper therefore explicates the impacts of unresolved water related conflicts in Ewaso Ng’iro North River sub-basin in Kenya and their persistence despite past major institutional and policy reforms in the water sector. Repetitive unresolved water conflicts curtail the prosperity of the communities on river basins. Study objective was to assess continued unresolved conflicts albeit the numerous and robust water reforms. Mixed methods research design was adopted to capture both primary and secondary data. Game Theory supported the study explicating how water users both upstream and downstream are players whose payoffs if not transparent cause conflicts. Sampling formula was utilized to derive a sample size of 384 respondents and employed simple random sampling. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, Key Informant interviews, Focused Group Discussions and Transect walks. Results show that water users aware of regulations in place governing water on river basins however had weak compliance. The legal and policy reforms need to be up scaled to enhance capacity to resolve conflicts by WRUAs and WRA. Compliance to regulations governing water to be enforced by mandated institutions to curb the repetitiveness of unresolved water conflicts.
 Keywords: Ewaso Ng’iro, Institutional reforms, Water Resources, Water Users, Unresolved Conflicts.
Highlights
Trans-boundary river basins presents a bone of contention among their riparian states users and breeds simmering conflicts on water resources (Munia et al, 2016; Rahman, 2013)
Unresolved water conflicts are persistent among the agro-pastoralists and the pastoralists who are in search of water and pasture for their livestock
This finding corroborates with those of (Isaboke, 2015) who posited that over-abstraction of water by large-scale farmers 90% of which is unauthorized among water users are responsible for reduced water volumes in the downstream increasing frequency of conflicts among water users (Shrestha et al, 2020, 2018)
Summary
Trans-boundary river basins presents a bone of contention among their riparian states users and breeds simmering conflicts on water resources (Munia et al, 2016; Rahman, 2013). Water accessibility in Ewaso Ng’iro North River Basin portrays protracted periods of unresolved conflicts on the water resources with devastating impacts (Bernauer and Böhmelt, 2020; Didier et al, 2011; Habiyakare and Zhou, 2015). Conflicts manifest in complaints over unauthorized, illegal and unequal water abstraction coupled with overlapping mandates of institutions in the water sector(Government of Kenya GOK, 2010; Lanari et al, 2018; Opiyo et al, 2012). This paper explicates the impacts of unresolved water related conflicts in Ewaso Ng’iro North River sub basin and their persistence despite past major reforms in institutions, polices in the water sector
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