Abstract
Fostered by the advances in the instrumental and analytical fields, in recent years the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a new frontier in medical diagnostics. VOCs analysis is a non-invasive, rapid and inexpensive strategy with promising potential in clinical diagnostic procedures. Since cellular metabolism is altered by diseases, the resulting metabolic effects on VOCs may serve as biomarkers for any given pathophysiologic condition. Human VOCs are released from biomatrices such as saliva, urine, skin emanations and exhaled breath and are derived from many metabolic pathways. In this review, the potential of VOCs present in saliva will be explored as a monitoring tool for several oral diseases, including gingivitis and periodontal disease, dental caries, and oral cancer. Moreover, the analytical state-of-the-art for salivary volatomics, e.g., the most common extraction techniques along with the current challenges and future perspectives will be addressed unequivocally.
Highlights
Worldwide, oral diseases (ODs) are highly prevalent affecting over 3.5 billion people, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]
Ishikawa et al [50] reported that s-adenosylmethinine and pipecolate were upregulated in the saliva of oral cancer patients as compared to the control samples and possess a good diagnostic potential for the early detection of the disease [53]
Several features have been associated with periodontal disease, as increased amounts of VSCs and presence of pyridines, which are absent in the saliva of healthy controls [78]
Summary
Oral diseases (ODs) are highly prevalent affecting over 3.5 billion people, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. Peres et al [1], dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancers of the lips and oral cavity are among the most prevalent ODs. different procedures have been described for early detection in order to cope with these diseases, the diagnostic efficiencies greatly depend on the clinical conditions of the patients [2,3,4]. A non-invasive method using saliva for ODs diagnostics is a highly attractive strategy. Saliva is often described as the “mirror of the body” [5,6] and so different omics approaches such us proteomics, metabolomics and more recently, volatomics are being employed to explore the potential of this biofluid towards the non-invasive diagnosis of ODs [5].
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