Unravelling the cardiovascular symphony: Decoding the intricate influence of green tea polyphenols from leaf to heart

Abstract

The extensive exploration of green tea's therapeutic potential in relation to cardiovascular ailments has sparked considerable global interest. The green tea polyphenols notably EGCG, ECG, EGC, EC, and various catechins, exhibit considerable promise as agents with cardioprotective attributes. The green tea polyphenolic compounds effectively counteract the detrimental impact of reactive oxygen species while concurrently modulating intricate cellular signalling pathways, thereby ameliorating the adverse effects of oxidative stress—a pivotal contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, these compounds have demonstrated a capacity to function as antihypertensive agents, primarily through their facilitation of vasodilation, inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and deterrence of excessive vasoconstriction.  Moreover, green tea polyphenols exert their influence on lipid profiles and cholesterol metabolism, presenting an additional avenue for cardiovascular health maintenance. By inhibiting key enzymes, namely ACAT and HMG-CoA reductases, involved in cholesterol esterification and synthesis, respectively, green tea polyphenols actively contribute to the preservation of a favourable lipid profile, effectively mitigating the risk of atherosclerosis development. In evaluating the bioavailability of green tea polyphenols, it is observed that they exhibit considerable stability in gastric conditions. However, substantial metabolic transformations occur within the intestinal and hepatic milieu, consequently influencing their availability and physiological activity within the human body. This comprehensive review proffers an array of interdisciplinary methodologies, encompassing in silico modelling, omics technologies, and innovative research approaches. These multifaceted avenues possess immense potential in unravelling novel insights and enhancing therapeutic strategies. Future investigations should seek to explore captivating prospects, including the identification of specific polyphenolic constituents or synergistic combinations that exhibit pronounced cardioprotective effects, thus guiding the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cardiovascular effects of green tea polyphenols, a greater understanding of the therapeutic targets involved in the prevention.