Abstract
Inflammation is a double-edged sword, as it can have both protective effects and harmful consequences, which, combined with oxidative stress (OS), can lead to the development of deathly chronic inflammatory conditions. Over the years, research has evidenced the potential of marine sponges as a source of effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Within this framework, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory potential of the marine sponge Cliona celata. For this purpose, their organic extracts (C1–C5) and fractions were evaluated concerning their radical scavenging activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and anti-inflammatory activity through a (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammation on RAW 264.7 cells) model. Compounds present in the two most active fractions (F5 and F13) of C4 were tentatively identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Even though samples displayed low antioxidant activity, they presented a high anti-inflammatory capacity in the studied cellular inflammatory model when compared to the anti-inflammatory standard, dexamethasone. GC-MS analysis led to the identification of n-hexadecanoic acid, cis-9-hexadecenal, and 13-octadecenal in fraction F5, while two major compounds, octadecanoic acid and cholesterol, were identified in fraction F13. The developed studies demonstrated the high anti-inflammatory activity of the marine sponge C. celata extracts and fractions, highlighting its potential for further therapeutic applications.
Highlights
When this response is excessive and prolonged, it leads to cellular death and tissue destruction [2,3]
The antioxidant capacity of C. celata crude extracts was assessed through different assays: the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DDPH), the ability to reduce ferric iron (FRAP), and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)
To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of C. celata, the first approach of this work aimed to understand if the extracts promoted inflammation by increasing the levels of Nitric Oxide (NO)
Summary
The organism’ protective response upon tissue damage leads to the activation of neutrophils and macrophages, producing an oxidative burst at the inflammation site as a form of protection against injury, infection, and stress. It is a crucial process for survival, where the body eliminates noxious factors, constructs a memory of the damaging agent, and promotes tissue repair and wound healing. When this response is excessive and prolonged (chronic inflammation), it leads to cellular death and tissue destruction [2,3]
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