Abstract
Simple SummaryThis work described the analysis of differential protein expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue of cows that went under negative energy balance during peripartum. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, it represented an original proteomics study that was able to discriminate cows in negative energy balance up to one month before calving. We believed that our findings would open new perspectives to improve animal welfare during peripartum. To know in advance, the metabolic status of cows would permit to correct the status with appropriate measures, like diet or management.Fat mobilization in high-yielding dairy cows during early lactation occurs to overcome negative energy balance (NEB), caused by insufficient feed intake and the concomitant increased nutritional requirements. For this reason, adipose tissue represents an essential organ for healthy and performant lactation. However, only a few data are known about adipose tissue proteome and its metabolic status during peripartum. The aim of this study was to analyze the differential proteomics profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue belonging to cows with different NEB scores (low NEB and severe NEB). Both groups were analyzed at three different time points (one month before calving, one and sixteen weeks after calving) that were related to different levels and rates of adipose tissue mobilization. The dataset highlighted the differential expression of the same four key proteins (annexin A2, actin-related protein 10, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and fatty acid-binding protein) involved in lipid metabolism during all time points and of other 22 proteins typical of the other comparisons among remaining time points. The obtained dataset suggested that the individual variability in adipose tissue metabolism/mobilization/energy availability could be linked to the different outcomes in levels of energy balance and related physical complications among dairy cows during peripartum.
Highlights
After parturition, the energy intake of high-yielding dairy cows is often not sufficient to meet the elevated energy requirements for milk production
The classification of samples based on energy balance was available only at 1 and 16 weeks postpartum when the EB level could be measured according to milk yield (Figures 2 and 3)
The most important differences highlighted that glycolysis was dramatically underrepresented in adipocytes of sNEB cows, and, on the contrary, lipid transport out of adipocytes was highly increased (Figure 3B)
Summary
The energy intake of high-yielding dairy cows is often not sufficient to meet the elevated energy requirements for milk production. The incidences of metabolic diseases, such as ketosis, displaced abomasum, and reproductive disorders, such as retained placenta and susceptibility to infections, increase during early lactation in animals with severe NEB [5] In this view, adipose tissue (AT) is a key regulator of metabolism in dairy cows [6]. For several years, AT and, more precisely, white AT is considered as a dynamic endocrine tissue able to produce and secrete molecules called adipokines or adipocytokines [7,8] These consist of polypeptides and non-protein factors that are metabolically active molecules involved in different physiological functions, including immunity, metabolism, cardiovascular system regulation, and angiogenesis. Adipokines regulate satiety, glucose and lipid metabolism, immune functions, angiogenesis, and reproductive functions [9]
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