Abstract

Look into any cell today, and you’ll see remnants of ancient bacteria by the thousands. These mitochondria—tiny organelles in the cell that each possess their own DNA—have come under a growing scientific spotlight; scientists increasingly believe they play a central role in many, if not most, human illnesses. Exquisitely sensitive to environmental threats, mitochondria convert dietary sugars into a high-energy molecule—adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—that cells use as fuel. And when mitochondria falter, cells lose power, just as a flashlight dims when its batteries weaken. Now scientists are linking environmental interactions with the mitochondria to an array of metabolic and age-related maladies, including cancer, autism, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and cardiovascular illness.

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