Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most relevant pathogen of animal mastitis and milk-related intoxications. Its presence in directly sold milk is rather not to be expected if strict udder health management and regular microbiological control of raw milk are performed. In this one-year survey, we present the results of monthly microbiological testing of milk from vending machines in Croatia for S. aureus and its multi-drug resistance. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 27.58% of the samples. Among 60 tested isolates from 10 farmers, a total of 41 isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (68.33%). A Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.2 or higher had 48.8% of the resistant isolates, which is considered a high-risk potential for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The majority of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin followed by ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and kanamycin. The results impose the need for improving the control measures in the raw milk distribution chain focused on MAR risk reduction.
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the leading public health problems, closely linked to interactions between livestock, farmers, the environment, and food of animal origin (Garipcin and Seker 2015)
Its presence in directly sold milk is rather not to be expected if strict udder health management and regular microbiological control of raw milk are performed. In this one-year survey, we present the results of monthly microbiological testing of milk from vending machines in Croatia for S. aureus and its multi-drug resistance
Numerous pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella spp., Coxiella burnettii and others can be isolated from raw milk and most of them have been identified as major microbiological hazards associated with raw milk consumption using the decision tree approach (EFSA 2015)
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the leading public health problems, closely linked to interactions between livestock, farmers, the environment, and food of animal origin (Garipcin and Seker 2015). It is well known that raw milk, due to its composition, is a very suitable medium for the growth and development of many microorganisms, including certain pathogens Numerous pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella spp., Coxiella burnettii and others can be isolated from raw milk and most of them have been identified as major microbiological hazards associated with raw milk consumption using the decision tree approach (EFSA 2015). Some of these foodborne pathogens have their habitat in food-producing animals, e.g., skin and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in the agricultural environment (Oliver et al 2009). This study aimed to investigate the presence and number of S. aureus in raw milk directly sold via vending machines and to test the susceptibility of the isolates to antimicrobial agents over one year
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