Unobtrusive Monitoring of Sleep Cycles: A Technical Review

Juwonlo Siyanbade,Ibrahim Sadek,Bessam Abdulrazak

doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics2010013

Juwonlo Siyanbade, Ibrahim Sadek + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedinformatics2010013

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Journal: BioMedInformatics	Publication Date: Mar 9, 2022
Citations: 3	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Université de Sherbrooke, Helwan University

Abstract

Polysomnography is the gold-standard method for measuring sleep but is inconvenient and limited to a laboratory or a hospital setting. As a result, the vast majority of patients do not receive a proper diagnosis. In an attempt to solve this issue, sleep experts are continually looking for unobtrusive and affordable alternatives that can provide longitudinal sleep tracking. Collecting longitudinal data on sleep can accelerate epidemiological studies exploring the effect of sleep on health and disease. These alternatives can be in the form of wearables (e.g., actigraphs) or nonwearable (e.g., under-mattress sleep trackers). To this end, this paper aims to review the several attempts made by researchers toward unobtrusive sleep monitoring, specifically sleep cycle. We have performed a literature search between 2016 and 2021 and the following databases were used for retrieving related articles to unobtrusive sleep cycle monitoring: IEEE, Google Scholar, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (JCSM), and PubMed Central (PMC). Following our survey, although existing devices showed promising results, most of the studies are restricted to a small sample of healthy individuals. Therefore, a broader scope of participants should be taken into consideration during future proposals and assessments of sleep cycle tracking systems. This is because factors such as gender, age, profession, and social class can largely affect sleep quality. Furthermore, a combination of sensors, e.g., smartwatches and under-mattress sleep trackers, are necessary to achieve reliable results. That is, wearables and nonwearable devices are complementary to each other, and so both are needed to boost the field of at-home sleep monitoring.

Highlights

The keywords used to retrieve publications were chosen based on approach: IEEE, Google Scholar, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (JCSM), and PubMed common terms used in the field, from the topic under review, and database suggestions
This review shows that the use of wearable devices for sleep-cycle monitoring is feasible but inaccurate compared to the gold standard PSG [30,36,37]
This review gives an overview of the current state and performance of sleep-cycle monitoring using contactless sensors

Summary

Introduction

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. These systems can potentially be used for sleep-quality monitoring. Examples include systems working on the principle of ballistocardiography (BCG) (Sadek et al [17]), strain gauge (Lima et al [18]), seismometer (Li et al, 2018), ultrasonic (Hsu et al, 2017; Tran et al, 2019), ultra-wideband system (Kang et al, 2020), RF signals (Liu et al [4]), fiber optics (Koyama et al [19]), and smart textiles (Zhou et al [20]) To this end, several devices and algorithms have been suggested, presented, and implemented, butseveral fewer for sleep-cycle monitoring which an important aspect of sleep.

Methodology

Objective

Literature Review

Findings

Discussion and Viewpoints

Conclusions