Abstract
Currently, the use of unmanned vehicles, such as drones, boats and ships, in monitoring tasks where human presence is difficult or even impossible raises several issues. Continuous efforts to improve the autonomy of such vehicles have not solved all aspects of this issue. In an Internet of Unmanned Vehicles (IoUV) environment, the idea of replacing the static wireless infrastructure and reusing the mobile monitoring nodes in different conditions would converge to a dynamic solution to assure data collection in areas where there is no infrastructure that ensures Internet access. The current paper fills a significant gap, proposing an algorithm that optimises the positions of unmanned vehicles such that an ad hoc network is deployed to serve specific wireless sensor networks that have no other Internet connectivity (hilly/mountainous areas, Danube Delta) and must be connected to an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. The algorithm determines the optimum positions of UV nodes that decrease the path losses below the link budget threshold with minimum UV node displacement compared to their initial coordinates. The algorithm was tested in a rural scenario and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), free space and two-ray propagation models. The paper proposes another type of network, a Flying and Surface Ad Hoc Network (FSANET), a concept which implies collaboration and coexistence between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) and several use cases that motivate the need for such a network.
Highlights
We highlight the importance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) networks, and we propose the concept of Internet of Unmanned Vehicles over the concept of Internet of Drones or Internet of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, which were narrower
We propose an architecture comprising unmanned vehicles and a network of UAVs and USVs (UVs) that both assure reliable communication and fulfil tasks assigned by a Cloud Center (CC)
We emphasised the impact of UAV and USV networks in the Internet of Things ecosystem, and we explored the concept of Internet of Unmanned
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In addition to energy extension cooperation, in large-scale IoT architectures, UAVs and USVs can act both as data and image collectors and as network relays [15] and aggregators, as unmanned vehicles have the great advantage of mobility in comparison to the usual network equipment. The algorithm must determine the optimum position of each UV node such that they become Wi-Fi access points They are capable of fast-forwarding data from a wireless sensor network (WSN) to a gateway (GW). We propose an architecture comprising unmanned vehicles and a network of UAVs and USVs (UVs) that both assure reliable communication and fulfil tasks assigned by a Cloud Center (CC).
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