Unmanned servicing of Earth observation systems in sunsynchronous orbits

Abstract

This paper addresses the feasibility of servicing or reboosting Earth observation spacecraft that are in or near sunsynchronous orbits through the use of an unmanned servicing vehicle. The term sunsynchronous (SS) as used here pertains to any retrograde orbit which exhibits a nodal regression rate of 360° per year, so that the orbit plane maintains a constant angle to the sun. The paper addresses both quantitatively and qualitatively how future Earth observation systems in inclinations between 96 and 100° may be periodically serviced using a transfer vehicle and other components needed to carry out the support mission. Two operational concepts are considered for the employment of the transfer vehicle. In one case, the vehicle is based at a Space Based Support Platform (SBSP) which remains at a lower altitude and higher inclination than the assets to be serviced. Consideration is also given to servicing from a transfer vehicle which is a free flyer (i.e. not based at an SBSP). The design requirements of the servicer are discussed quantitiatively and sample calculations of ΔV and propellant expenditure are given. Consideration is given to the NASA developed Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV), and other transfer vehicles which use electrical or other advanced propulsion. In addition, a quantitative assessment is made of the subsystem redundancy requirements in the design for an Earth observation satellite that is periodically serviced as compared with design requirements for an unserviceable spacecraft. The benefits of servicing with respect to Pre-planned Product Improvements (P 3I) are discussed.