Abstract
Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress affecting crop plants throughout the world, which hampers crop growth and causes yield loss. There are various types of responses in plants under this stress through the combined operation of different signaling and physiological pathways. However, the correlation between these pathways is extremely limited and not well described in the published papers. Therefore, the complex waterlogging stress-tolerance mechanisms need to be presented most coherently for a comprehensive understanding of this stress. Here, we present sequential responses in plants under oxygen-deprivation stress. The regulation of the N-end rule pathway may be treated as the initial signaling in plants after facing waterlogging stress, but still, it remains a controversial topic. All the pathways under waterlogging stress are directly or indirectly related to glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, programmed cell death (PCD) and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Scientists may consider alanine aminotransferase as the main controlling switch for surviving of plants under waterlogging stress. Triggering the genes responsible for alanine aminotransferase may act as a crucial one to develop a waterlogging tolerant plant due to its ability to control anaerobic fermentation, TCA cycle and efficient utilization of carbons.
Highlights
Plants face several abiotic stresses, such as waterlogging, salinity, drought, extreme temperature, ion toxicity or deficiency, high wind and others [1]
Triggering the genes responsible for alanine aminotransferase may act as a crucial one to develop a waterlogging tolerant plant due to its ability to control anaerobic fermentation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and efficient utilization of carbons
Dehydroascorbate is reduced to ascorbate by the enzyme dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), with the concomitant reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to glutathione (GSH). We know these series of sequential steps as the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which is responsible for the removal of harmful H2O2 from the plant cell
Summary
Plants face several abiotic stresses, such as waterlogging, salinity, drought, extreme temperature, ion toxicity or deficiency, high wind and others [1]. Conversion of pyruvate to alanine produces not a single harmful product in plants under oxygen limiting stress, and it contributes to the reduction of cellular pH, provides NAD(P)+ for glycolysis, consumes excess proton (H+) and provides necessary products for the continuation of TCA cycle. Waterlogging stress noticeably hampers this necessary pathway as direct conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is restricted due to the non-functional activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzymatic complex [75] In this situation, plants search for an alternative source of energy along with glycolysis and eventually starts the modified TCA cycle or glyoxylate cycle. Cucumber plant maintains higher Ca2+ concentration under low oxygen stress, which prompts antioxidant enzymes, decreases ROS production, increases the number of mitochondria, plasma membrane proton ATPase (PM H+-ATPase), tonoplast H+-ATPase, tonoplast proton pyrophosphatase (tonoplast H+-Ppase), different glycolytic and TCA cycle enzymes that helps ATP homeostasis [82].
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