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Abstract

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To investigate whether breast feeding is effective for pain relief during venepuncture in term neonates and compare any effect with that of oral glucose combined with a pacifier. <b>Design:</b> Randomised controlled trial. <b>Participants:</b> 180 term newborn infants undergoing venepuncture; 45 in each group. <b>Interventions:</b> During venepuncture infants were either breast fed (group 1), held in their mother9s arms without breast feeding (group 2), given 1 ml of sterile water as placebo (group 3), or given 1 ml of 30% glucose followed by pacifier (group 4). Video recordings of the procedure were assessed by two observers blinded to the purpose of the study. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Pain related behaviours evaluated with two acute pain rating scales: the Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né scale (range 0 to 10) and the premature infant pain profile scale (range 0 to 18). <b>Results:</b> Median pain scores (interquartile range) for breast feeding, held in mother9s arms, placebo, and 30% glucose plus pacifier groups were 1 (0–3), 10 (8.5-10), 10 (7.5-10), and 3 (0–5) with the Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né scale and 4.5 (2.25-8), 13 (10.5-15), 12 (9–13), and 4 (1–6) with the premature infant pain profile scale. Analysis of variance showed significantly different median pain scores (P&lt;0.0001) among the groups. There were significant reductions in both scores for the breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups compared with the other two groups (P&lt;0.0001, two tailed Mann-Whitney U tests between groups). The difference in Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né scores between breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups was not significant (P=0.16). <b>Conclusions:</b> Breast feeding effectively reduces response to pain during minor invasive procedure in term neonates. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Current pharmacological treatments are not appropriate for pain relief during minor procedures like venepuncture or heel prick in newborn infants Oral sweet solutions, non-nutritive sucking, and skin to skin contact reduce procedural pain in newborn infants <h3>What this study adds</h3> Breast feeding during a painful procedure effectively reduces the response to pain in newborn infants The analgesic properties of breast feeding are at least as potent as the combination of sweet solutions and a pacifier