Abstract
Universal vaccines appeared as a favorable solution for the rapid mutation of viruses that cause pandemics. Sufficient immune protection, safe and efficient production methods, and low-cost funding are ideal properties for universal vaccines. Targeting conserved regions, use of adjuvants, cell-mediated immunity approaches, virus-like particles, and multimeric presentation of viral antigens are strategies to enhance vaccine Immunogenicity. Different types of vaccines have been put into clinical trials, such as messenger RNA vaccines, on-replicating viral vector vaccines, and recombinant protein-based vaccines, which are proven to suit the needs of universal vaccine investigation. Moreover, this article introduces the universal vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza variants, their vaccine candidates, research results, and the challenges faced. Universal vaccines are the trend of future viral protection, with more and more new technologies entering the field, a universal vaccine is within reach.
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