Universal scaling of kinetic freeze-out parameters across different collision systems at LHC energies* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11905188, 11875143 and 12061141008), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0100900) and the Innovation Fund of Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics LPL2020P01 (LZ)

Abstract

In this study, we perform Tsallis Blast-Wave analysis on the transverse momentum spectra of identified hadrons produced in a wide range of collision systems at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) including pp, pPb, XeXe, and PbPb collisions. The kinetic freeze-out properties varying with event multiplicity are investigated across these systems. We find that the extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature, radial flow velocity, and non-extensive parameter exhibit a universal scaling behavior for these systems with very different geometric sizes, especially when the independent baryon Tsallis non-extensive parameter is considered. This universality may indicate the existence of a unified partonic evolution stage in different collision systems at the LHC energies.