Universal rate-dependence in electro-magneto-active polymeric composites

Abstract

Universal relations are mathematical statements for any material in a given class; the larger the class, the more powerful the universal rule. Such generic relations are to be likely explored in particle-reinforced smart polymeric composites for all possible energy functions and boundary traction forms. Such relations have mainly been developed for an isotropic material class after Ericksen’s seminal work. The present work develops an experimentally validated novel class of coupled universal relations for electro-magneto-active (EMA) polymeric composites under electromagnetic field interaction accounting for the rate-dependent inelastic effect. In such a material class, unless the preferred directions of the material are specified, there would be no general solutions. An EMA polymeric composite material class is of co-axial type if and only if the Cauchy stress (S) and deformation tensor (b) are co-axial for all types of deformation which is preserved in isotropic material class. Co-axiality in the transversely isotropic material class, on the other hand, does not follow the same rule, i.e. (Sb≠bS). Real-world materials, such as soft tissues and smart polymeric composites, do not exhibit co-axiality and instead reveal the dissipation mechanism, necessitating the current study. The proposed theory unifies the pseudo transverse isotropy and rate-dependent phenomena for EMV smart composites in the context of particle reinforcement. Additionally, the current study conducts an experimental investigation to confirm the applicability of the proposed universal relation.