Universal multimode waveguide crossing based on transformation optics

Abstract

Mode-division multiplexing is a promising and cost-effective way to increase the communication capability of integrated photonic circuits, for both classical and quantum information processing. To construct large-scale on-chip multimode routing systems, the multimode waveguide crossing is one of the key components. However, there have been only a few dual-mode waveguide crossings reported, which can support merely two waveguide modes or two crossing channels. This severely limits the density and capacity of multimode routing systems. Here we demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a universal multimode waveguide star crossing based on transformation optics, which can handle, in principle, any number of waveguide modes and any number of crossing channels as well. The structure is transformed from a Maxwell fisheye and can realize aberration-free imaging for each waveguide mode. A gray-scale electron-beam lithography is adopted to fabricate it on a commercial silicon-on-insulator wafer. The proposed multimode waveguide star crossing has little loss and low crosstalk throughout an ultra-broad wavelength range of ∼400 nm. Our study paves the way for realizing highly integrated and large capacity on-chip multimode routing and communication systems.