Universal Basic Income: Is it a Good Idea?

Abstract

The idea of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) is heavily discussed in the UK, with support and opposition from several parts of the political spectrum. This idea has been around for a long time and was first formulated more than two centuries ago. There have been several times when it has attracted attention over that timespan, and these bouts of interest typically coincide with a specific and recurring combination of circumstances. The current wave of interest began about three to four years ago, in the aftermath of austerity, and is now coming to a peak with serious prospects for some form of UBI being adopted as the official policy of more than one political party. Interestingly, the idea has support from both left and right but also attracts hostility and criticism from both sides, with some of the most trenchant criticism coming from the left. In discussing the idea of a UBI it is very important to be clear as to what it is that we are talking about, as several similar but ultimately different kinds of proposal are often grouped under the same umbrella term. A survey of the proposals currently put forward in the UK, and of the responses to them, reveals both a mixture of motives behind the advocacy of such schemes and the serious problems, both practical and principled, that they pose. On the left, such suggestions are frequently contrasted with a rival kind of proposal, that of Universal Basic Services (UBS), which is in many ways a revival of a much older tradition of socialist thought, but there is no such clear alternative on offer from the free-market side.