Universal aspects of hydrogel gelation kinetics, percolation and viscoelasticity from PA-hydrogel rheology

Abstract

Polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogels have been studied extensively, but fundamental aspects of their gelation kinetics, percolation dynamics, and viscoelasticity are still not well understood. This paper focuses on the rheology of PA hydrogels having unusually low monomer concentrations (ca ≈ 3 w% equivalent to 0.42 mol l−1). These furnish loss tangents that span 4 orders of magnitude when varying the crosslinker concentration. An optimum crosslinker concentration (cbis/ca ≈ 2.5 mol. % equivalent to 5.3 w%) is identified, below which the storage modulus G′ increases almost linearly, and the loss modulus G″ acquires a local maximum. Above the optimum crosslinker concentration, G′ and G″ both plateau, accompanied by a notable decrease in the maximum strain (increase in brittleness) before breaking. The dynamic shear moduli reveal universal dynamics at the gel point, as indicated by (i) scaling exponents (y = 3.1 ± 0.1, z = 2.1 ± 0.1 and Δ = 0.70 ± 0.02) that are consistent with the de Gennes [“On a relation between percolation theory and the elasticity of gels,” J. Phys. Lett. 37, L1–L2 (1976)] electrical network analogy, and (ii) a critical relaxation exponent that is close to the Rouse limit Δ = 2/3 from the scaling theory of Martin. A close correspondence of the exponents with that of Adam and Delsanti [Macromolecules 18, 2285–2290 (1985)] for the radical copolymerization of a different material supports the long-standing hypothesis that dynamics at the gel point are universal for a prescribed gelation mechanism.