Abstract
In this paper, a two-stage stochastic unit commitment (UC) model considering flexible scheduling of demand response (DR) is proposed. In the proposed UC model, the DR resources can be scheduled: (1) in the first stage, as resources on a day-ahead basis to integrate the predicted wind fluctuation with lower uncertainty; (2) in the second stage, as resources on an intra-day basis to compensate for the deviation among multiple wind power scenarios considering the coupling relationship of DR on available time and capacity. Simulation results on the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) 5-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system indicate that the proposed model can maximize the DR value with lower cost. Moreover, different types of DR resources may vary in the contract costs (capacity costs), the responsive costs (energy costs), the time of advance notice, and the minimum on-site hours. The responsive cost is considered as the most important factor affecting DR scheduling. In addition, the first-stage DR is dispatched more frequently when transmission constraints congestion occurs.
Highlights
The expansion of variable wind power imposes challenges on the system operation, and these challenges mainly stem from unpredictability, the steep ramping requirement [1], intra-hour variability, and over-generation in the middle of the night [2,3]
The results indicate that Demand Response (DR) is beneficial to system economy and wind power utilization as the total cost and wind power curtailment decrease when DR is scheduled in unit commitment (UC)
In F&SDR, there is a decrease in total costs relative to SDR because in Equation (1), Ecd1 (DR operating cost on a day-ahead basis; (2) $/MWh is less than Ecd2 (DR operating cost on an intra-day basis, 15 $/MWh), results in higher total cost because in SDR no first-stage DR resources are used
Summary
The expansion of variable wind power imposes challenges on the system operation, and these challenges mainly stem from unpredictability, the steep ramping requirement [1], intra-hour variability, and over-generation in the middle of the night [2,3]. In the existing published literatures, the DR resources are all in the second stage of scheduling as resources on an intra-day basis In this way it can take the advantage that DR flexibly dispatched on an intra-day basis according to the system operating requirement, there are still three disadvantages: (1) DR usually requires a high level of incentive mechanism; (2) DR all on an intra-day basis will increase the difficulties of scheduling; (3) in the models available in the literature, the DR resources are restricted by time scale, and the coupling relationship on time and capacity is ignored. DR operating costs on a day-ahead basis is less than that on an intra-day basis, because the advance notice time in the first stage is longer than that in the second stage; (3) flexible scheduling and allocation of dispatchable DR programs based on the tight coupling characteristic of specific DR resources on the available time and capacity is proposed.
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