Abstract
The unique properties of nanomaterials are attributed to quantum effects, larger surface area, and self-assembly. Quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior of matter at the nanoscale particularly at the lower end affecting the optical, electrical, and magnetic behavior of materials. This is attributed to the fact that matter at nanoscale no longer follows Newtonian physics rather quantum mechanics, which are explained by size effect, quantum confinement, and density of states (DOS). Electrons are the primary thermal energy carriers in bulk metals, and their distribution can be altered by nanostructuring. Chemical properties of nanomaterials also change at nanoscale. Two key issues dominate the magnetic properties of nanoparticles: finite-size effects and surface effects, which give rise to various special features. Because of the quantized states of electrons and holes, the nanocrystallites are often called quantum dots, pseudo-atoms, or super atoms.
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