Abstract
Japan's economic relations with its Asian neighbors are largely complementary, unlike its clear competition with the West. But Japan seeks advantages through economic cooperation with the region, aiming to enhance its competitiveness versus the West and to maintain a structural lead over other Asian nations. Japan's pursuit of self-interests is not unique among nations. What is unique is that Japan eschews virtually all but economic tools of diplomacy, and even there it prefers cooperative to punitive measures. "Normal" powers in the region, such as the United States and China, combine military, diplomatic, and economic statecraft—both cooperative and punitive—to advance broad national interests.
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