Abstract
BackgroundIn addition to being useful for classification, sequence variations of human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes have been implicated in differential oncogenic potential and a differential association with the different histological forms of invasive cervical cancer. These associations have also been indicated for HPV genotype lineages and sub-lineages. In order to better understand the potential implications of lineage variation in the occurrence of cervical cancers in Ghana, we studied the lineages of the three most prevalent HPV genotypes among women with normal cytology as baseline to further studies.MethodsOf previously collected self- and health personnel-collected cervical specimen, 54, which were positive for HPV16, 18 and 45, were selected and the long control region (LCR) of each HPV genotype was separately amplified by a nested PCR. DNA sequences of 41 isolates obtained with the forward and reverse primers by Sanger sequencing were analysed.ResultsNucleotide sequence variations of the HPV16 genotypes were observed at 30 positions within the LCR (7460 – 7840). Of these, 19 were the known variations for the lineages B and C (African lineages), while the other 11 positions had variations unique to the HPV16 isolates of this study. For the HPV18 isolates, the variations were at 35 positions, 22 of which were known variations of Africa lineages and the other 13 were unique variations observed for the isolates obtained in this study (at positions 7799 and 7813). HPV45 isolates had variations at 35 positions and 2 (positions 7114 and 97) were unique to the isolates of this study.ConclusionThis study provides the first data on the lineages of HPV 16, 18 and 45 isolates from Ghana. Although the study did not obtain full genome sequence data for a comprehensive comparison with known lineages, these genotypes were predominately of the Africa lineages and had some unique sequence variations at positions that suggest potential oncogenic implications. These data will be useful for comparison with lineages of these genotypes from women with cervical lesion and all the forms of invasive cervical cancers.
Highlights
In addition to being useful for classification, sequence variations of human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes have been implicated in differential oncogenic potential and a differential association with the different histological forms of invasive cervical cancer
The obtained partial long control region (LCR) nucleotide sequences for each of the HPV genotypes were of an average size of 375 bp
The obtained sequences were aligned with the LCR positions of the complete genome of the HPV16 prototype NC0015626.2 [33, 34], the HPV18 prototype AY262282_A1 [35] and the HPV45 prototype X74479.1 [36]
Summary
In addition to being useful for classification, sequence variations of human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes have been implicated in differential oncogenic potential and a differential association with the different histological forms of invasive cervical cancer These associations have been indicated for HPV genotype lineages and sub-lineages. In the absence of empirical cancer registry based data, the estimated age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rate for Ghana (35.4 per 100,000) indicates a possible difference in the cervical cancer burden among close neighbours; Benin (27.6 per 100,000), Togo (21.5 per 100,000), Burkina Faso (23.3 per 100,000) and Cote d’Ivoire (21.7 per 100,000) [1] These geographical variations in the incidence of cervical cancer are seen in the prevalence of its etiological agent, which is the human Papillomavirus (HPV). The level of nucleotide sequence identities or differences in other parts of the HPV genome (including the LCR, E6 and E7) and mostly in the full genome sequence have resulted in similar classification [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]
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