Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify the characteristic gut microbiota of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis and the k-means method and to clarify the relationship with background data, including dietary habits. The gut microbiota data of 383 patients with T2DM and 114 individuals without T2DM were classified into red, blue, green, and yellow groups. The proportions of patients with T2DM in the red, blue, green, and yellow groups was 86.8% (112/129), 69.8% (81/116), 76.3% (90/118), and 74.6% (100/134), respectively; the red group had the highest prevalence of T2DM. There were no intergroup differences in sex, age, or body mass index. The red group had higher percentages of the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera and lower percentages of the Blautia and Phascolarctobacterium genera. Higher proportions of patients with T2DM in the red group used α-glucosidase inhibitors and glinide medications and had a low intake of fermented soybean foods, including miso soup, than those in the other groups. The gut microbiota pattern of the red group may indicate characteristic changes in the gut microbiota associated with T2DM in Japan. These results also suggest that certain diabetes drugs and fermented foods may be involved in this change. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationships among traditional dietary habits, the gut microbiota, and T2DM in Japan.
Highlights
The abundance of the Firmicutes phylum was significantly lower in the red group than in the other groups, which could be related to the increased abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum
Fat and dietary fiber intake did not differ between patients in the gut microbiota group with the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and those in the other groups; the patients in the red group had a lower intake of fermented foods than those in the other groups
We visualized a huge amount of gut microbiota data by dimensionality reduction using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and divided them into four groups
Summary
The association between T2DM and the gut microbiota and the relationship between lifestyle and changes in gut microbiota in Japanese populations have not been fully clarified. One reason for this is that gut microbiota data are vast and difficult to understand. This study included a t-SNE analysis of the gut microbiota data of healthy Japanese individuals and patients with T2DM to create a gut microbiota panel. We investigated the relationship between each gut microbiota panel and the lifestyle factors in patients with T2DM
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