Abstract
In recent decades, many manufacturing firms have adopted new technologies, such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer numerical control (CNC), and just-in-time production (JIT) systems. Implementation of these diffuse technologies can have a dramatic impact on the work environment since they may simultaneously result in downsizing (labor-saving innovations), retraining of the remaining work force (skill upgrading), and changes in job responsibilities resulting from integration across the functional areas of business (marketing, manufacturing, R&D, accounting/finance, logistics, purchasing, and product design). A concomitant trend in manufacturing industries is a precipitous decline in the rate of private sector unionization (Potter, 2001), which has been especially steep in the coal mining industry. Thus, a natural question arises as to the nature of the relationship between unions and implementation of these new technologies.[ 1]
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