Uniform Error Bounds of Time-Splitting Methods for the Nonlinear Dirac Equation in the Nonrelativistic Regime without Magnetic Potential

Abstract

Super-resolution of the Lie-Trotter splitting ($S_1$) and Strang splitting ($S_2$) is rigorously analyzed for the nonlinear Dirac equation without external magnetic potentials in the nonrelativistic regime with a small parameter $0<\varepsilon\leq 1$ inversely proportional to the speed of light. In this regime, the solution highly oscillates in time with wavelength at $O(\varepsilon^2)$. The splitting methods surprisingly show super-resolution, i.e. the methods can capture the solution accurately even if the time step size $\tau$ is much larger than the sampled wavelength at $O(\varepsilon^2)$. Similar to the linear case, $S_1$ and $S_2$ both exhibit $1/2$ order convergence uniformly with respect to $\varepsilon$. Moreover, if $\tau$ is non-resonant, i.e. $\tau$ is away from certain region determined by $\varepsilon$, $S_1$ would yield an improved uniform first order $O(\tau)$ error bound, while $S_2$ would give improved uniform $3/2$ order convergence. Numerical results are reported to confirm these rigorous results. Furthermore, we note that super-resolution is still valid for higher order splitting methods.