Unified understanding and mitigation of detrimental phase transition in cobalt-free LiNiO2

Abstract

Ni-enriched layered materials are used as electrode materials of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicle applications. Stoichiometric LiNiO2 with cationic Ni3+/Ni4+ redox is the ideal electrode material, but the gradual loss of capacity at the high voltage region, associated with Ni ion migration, hinders its use for practical applications. Therefore, to improve electrode reversibility of LiNiO2, less abundant Co ions and/or other electrochemically inactive ions, e.g., Al3+ ions, are in part substituted for Ni ions. Nevertheless, a unified understanding of improvement by metal substitution is as yet not established. In this study, the origin causing detrimental phase transition in LiNiO2 is discussed through the detailed analysis on LiNiO2 integrated with nanosized Li3PO4 derived from a metastable and rocksalt LiNiO2–Li3PO4 solid solution sample. LiNiO2 derived from the metastable rocksalt oxide has approximately 6 % anti-site defects, and the particle size growth is suppressed by uniformly dispersed nanosized Li3PO4. In low crystallinity LiNiO2 with partial structural disordering, the Ni ion migration to tetrahedral sites is effectively suppressed because of repulsive electrostatic interaction from Ni ions in Li layers. Moreover, from these findings, non-stoichiometric Li0.975Ni1.025O2 with smaller particle size has been directly synthesized without high-energy milling and Li3PO4 integration, and significant improvement of electrode reversibility is achieved. Electrode reversibility of non-stoichiometric Li0.975Ni1.025O2 is further improved through surface stabilization in a highly concentrated electrolyte solution. The unified understanding of deterioration mechanisms for LiNiO2 offers a new criterion to design Co-free LiNiO2 without metal substitution, leading to full utilization of a reversible capacity for layered materials.