Abstract
The reorientation of atoms by frictional shear deformation at the surface of metals can induce cracks at the boundary of the grains. The cracks grow and propagate in regions where the hydrostatic component of stress in least compressive because the compressive component restores the cracks by three-dimensional crystallizing π-bondings. Materials with Lüder's bands have only a small amount of wear at the initial state, which suggests that initial frictional shear deformation is consumed in the formation of the Lüder's bands. The average amounts of wear of the materials increase very steeply as the value of φ u, i.e. the stress-strain ratio at the ultimate point, decreases.
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