Uniaxial Tensile Deformation of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Studied with SAXS and WAXS Techniques Using Synchrotron Radiation

Abstract

The structural evolution of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) during uniaxial tensile deformation at 25 °C was examined using small- and wide-angle X-ray scatterings (SAXS and WAXS) techniques with simultaneous stress and strain (S–S) curves. A high-energy X-ray beam at the recently upgraded Pohang synchrotron radiation source revealed the complete lamellar deformation behavior of PCL. Slope-based division of the S–S curves indicated three distinct regions of elastic (region I), yielding (region II) and plastic deformations (region III). In region I, which showed elastic deformation, the WAXS patterns were isotropic, whereas the SAXS patterns became oblate due to elongation of the amorphous chains along the draw direction. In region II, which showed yielding deformation, the WAXS patterns showed a slight orientation, whereas the SAXS patterns exhibited a change from oblate to four-point and to six-point patterns due to the simultaneous fragmentation and melting of the chain-folded lamellae (leading to the four-point pattern) and the subsequent formation of chain-extended lamellae (adding another two maxima along the meridian). In region III, the WAXS patterns revealed the development of the orientation of PCL crystals, whereas SAXS patterns exhibited a two-point pattern. The newly formed chain-extended lamellae in regions II and III might produce network junctions that can transfer an applied force to the PCL crystals for increased orientation. The six-point pattern in region II for PCL was not observed or reported in the past during the uniaxial tensile deformation experiment. This might be due to fast acquisition of the X-ray patterns during mechanical drawing using synchrotron radiation.